An anesthetic is a drug to foresee pain meanwhile surgery. Anesthetic causes a loss of sensation or perception. Regardless of an increase in the complexity of surgical operations, modern anaesthesia is safe due to high standards of training that emphasise quality and safety. A wide range of drugs are recycled in present anesthetic practice. 

Anesthetics are of following group:

• Local anaesthesia
• Regional anaesthesia
• Sedation
• General anaesthesia

Cardiac Anaesthesiology provides anaesthesia and preoperative care for Cardiac and Thoracic surgical patients. Cardiothoracic anaesthesiology deals with the anesthesia aspects of care related to surgical cases such as cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, Coronary heart disease, lung operations, and other operations associated the human chest. Apart from this, the department provides critical care services to the sick patients and various procedures performed which include coronary angioplasties, device closure for atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pacemaker implantation and radiofrequency ablation. They manage your pain during the immediate post-operative period to make you as comfortable as possible and provides expert consultation on many issues pertaining to your care, including pain management, anticoagulation, and airway management.

Treatment of Pediatric critical care deserves confined consideration based upon  physiological, anatomical and pharmacological differences than that of adults. Anesthetist will experience several challenges when taking care for sufferer as their work involves more than simply adjusting frequency of dosage and equipment for smaller patients. It is responsible for the general anesthesia, sedation, and pain management needs of infants and children. Basically in neonates the alteration in body composition based upon clinical conclusions such as drug build upon on redistribution into fat for termination will have a longer clinical effect, drug redistributed into muscles will also have a major clinical effect, hydrophilic drug also have longer clinical effect.

Advancements and inventions in anesthesia have extensively bettered the element of life of cases.  During this stage eye movements slow, then stop, the patient is unconscious ready for surgery. The drug is commenced in airway complement, Labour analgesia, fiber optics, ocular surgery.  The advanced executions used are ultrasound, Modified nasal trumpet for airway operation, Raman spectroscopy, Video laryngoscope devices and automated delivery of oxygen and anesthetic medicines.

Anesthetics drugs primarily act on receptors located in the brain to change their oscillations in the brain circuits in particular ways thereby preventing neurons in different brain regions from communicating with each other and leading to a state of consciousness that it is much more similar to a coma than to sleep. Anesthetics exert their amnesic, anesthetic and analgesic effects by acting on various neuronal membrane proteins in the central nervous system. The selection of applicable anaesthesia medicines and protocol is obligatory especially in cases with pre-existing central nervous system diseases to expand anaesthesia effectiveness and insure patient safety.

Spinal anaesthesia is a form of local anaesthesia which involves injection of an anaesthetic drug into the subarachnoid space. It is helpful for procedures below the umbilicus. The pain is obtained when bone changes its position and put pressure on the Spinal nerves which leads to a spinal disorder. The complexities combine with it are headache, hypotension, nerve damage, urinary retention, focal neurological deflect. Spinal anaesthesia is an essential technique in the practice of modern anaesthesia.

The goal of pain research is to acquire new knowledge on the diagnosis, mechanisms and treatment of pain. Pain Management provides relief the entire tremor. Pain is categorized in different categorize such as throbbing, aching, chronic pain, nerve pain, psychogenic pain, abdominal pain, joint pain, spinal fusion or described in many other ways. Pain anaesthesia is used to relieve the discomfort associated with surgery, disease or injury. Everyone experiences pain differently. Pain may come on suddenly (acute). Pain relievers used often to eradicate pain. Pain medication also have some side effects as acetaminophen can be toxic to liver, whereas NSAIDS may cause bleeding of stomach in order to lower this possibility it must be taken with food.

Internal medicine is a medical aspect in which physicians apply scientific knowledge and clinical expertise to diagnose and treat adults with health concerns and diseases. A doctor who has specialized in internal medicine is named as an internists or physicians. The treatment of patient’s conditions that affect the internal organs such as diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, lung disease, and obesity will be treated by the general internist. The specialist in Internal medicine often care for patient well-being with complex, chronic, and multisystem disorders. Internists may work with doctors in other medical specialties or consult with patients referred by another specialist. Physicians are skilled with the medication of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes.

Headache and migraine are among the most common causes of pangs and pains. A headache or a pain that occurs in the head or neck which is generally safe and can come under two orders common headaches and migraines.

 Migraines are generally combined with perceptivity to sound, light, and smells. This type of headache includes only one side of the head but in some cases may have pain bilaterally. Migraines are generally treated with medicines. There are two orders of drug used to treat migraines

• Acute treatment for pain and other problems during a migraine headache.
• Preventive treatment is performed to reduce the frequency and severity of migraines.

Orthopedics is the beneficial aspect that notices wounds and illness of the patient's body musculoskeletal framework. Orthopedics has extended beyond the treatment of fractures, strained muscles, broken bones, torn ligaments and tendons and other traumatic injuries. Treatments for orthopedic conditions will differ depending on the problem for each patient. Still, orthopedic treatments have some common pretensions and approaches. In general, this includes correcting physical problems, relieving symptoms, perfecting quality of life, and precluding unborn problems.

Chronic pain creates an emerging aches and pains which can be from mild to severe. Chronic pain is treated by medical process, psychological techniques or alternate therapy advancements. Chronic pain is a persistent pain lasting beyond the actual illness or injury. It is similar to a chronic disease and lasts more than acute pain. The chronic pain usually affects the person's life, changing personality, their ability to function and their overall lifestyle. Therefore, patient’s treatment goals include reducing pain, maximizing function, and improving quality of life.

The pain management includes detailed assessment of pain intensity and characteristics, appropriate use of analgesic adjuvant medication, use of diagnostic and therapeutic nerve blocks and myosfacial trigger point injections and high index of suspicion regarding tumour recurrence pain. The cancer pain is controlled by intake of medication, including aspirin-like drugs, paracetamol and opioid drugs. The maturity of people with cancer will witness pain at some time or another. People who have been cured of their cancer will continue to suffer from pain. There are different medicines and methods to control cancer pain. 

Regenerative medicine is an interdisciplinary field that promotes regeneration, restoration and replacement of diseased and injured tissues and whole organs. The goal of regenerative medicine is to replace tissues or organs damaged because of disease, injury, age, or other issues. Our regenerative medicine specialists have developed these safe and effective outpatient procedures for a variety of joint, ligament, and spinal conditions. Regenerative drug treatment includes the rejuvenescence and use of remedial stem cells, tissue engineering and the product of artificial organs. 

Anaesthesia risks are less and safe today during surgery because of advances in science. It doesn’t mean there is no risk. In clinical proceedings, various risk assessment tools have been developed and are used. The risk assessment tools are normally developed using multivariable analysis of risk factors prominent to a peculiar outcome.

An anaesthetist normally directs the general anaesthetic prior to an operation. While taking general anaesthetics some risks allied but they are comparatively safe when conducted correctly. The side effects of general anaesthesia can include dizziness and nausea. The processes by which anaesthesia works are still only moderately understood.

Analgesic is a drug that relieves pain without falling asleep or passing out which is also known as painkillers or pain relievers. Several various types of drugs have pain relieving properties and experts tend to group medications that work similarly. Analgesic pain relievers are classified into:

• Anti migraine agents
• Analgesic combinations
• Narcotic analgesics
• Cox-2 inhibitors
• Miscellaneous analgesics
• Narcotic analgesic combinations
• CGRP inhibitors
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Salicylate

Nurses role in pain management is examine the site of pain and evaluate interventions. The American Society for Pain Management Nursing is an association of professional caregivers dedicated to the advancement and optimal care of people with pain including the management. Pain management nurses perform duties like these:

• Administering medications or help to implement other therapies.
• Encourage nurses to specialize in pain management practice and monitor patients pain levels.
• Monitoring patients and handling safeguards to ensure that narcotic treatments do not become routine habit
• Formation of standards for clinical nursing practice and nursing training in pain therapy.

The complications of general anaesthesia are anaphylaxis, aspiration pneumonitis, peripheral nerve damage, damage to teeth, embolism. The specific complications of general anaesthesia are neurological deficits, hypotension, spinal block, post-dural puncture headache. The important complications of local anaesthesia are pain, bleeding and haematoma formation, Nerve injury due to direct injury, Infection, Ischaemic necrosis. Side effects related to anaesthesia affect patients for different reasons. The complications  of Anesthesia depend on factors such as:

• Current health and medical history
• The type of anaesthesia
• The type of procedure you have