Biography
Abstract
Migraine is a neurovascular disorder characterized by recurrent unilateral headaches accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia. Migraine headache is associated with trigeminal nerve activation and calcitonin gene -related peptide (CGRP) release from the trigeminovascular system. Various factors have been identified as being migraine triggers, including foods, stress, hormones, sensory stimuli, and so on. Individuals with migraine are often aware of the things that serve as triggers for them, since part of migraine management is avoidance of triggers. One of factors on the onset of migraine is olfactory sensory. This is review article to examine the relationship between headaches and smell disturbance. And the psychological effects of odors are in this group. Most common causes of smell disturbance are nasal and sinus disease, upper respiratory infection and head trauma. Smell or taste dysfunction can have a significant impact on quality of life. In general, the olfactory system regenerates poorly after a head injury. Most patients who recover smell function subsequent to head trauma do so within 12 weeks of injury. Olfactory dysfunction in some people as loss of smell sense, and in some one thernpsychological impact of an increased sense of smell, which affect their quality of life.
Biography
Abstract
Overview: The present study deal with the analgesic effect of magnesium sulfate (MS) on the inflammatory somatic pain after systemic and local administration in rats.
Introduction: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ligand-gated receptor complexes that have been associated with learning and memory, pain transmission, depression, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disorders. Magnesium, noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists, has been demonstrated analgesic efficacy against neuropathic pain, but results in inflammatory pain are controversial. This study aimed at evaluating the systemic and local effects of magnesium sulfate in carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia using von Frey anesthesiometer test.
Materials and Methods: In male Wistar rats hyperalgesia was induced by the 0.5% carrageenan (0.1 ml) into the paw. MS was given subcutaneously 5 min before the injection of carrageenan or co-injected with carrageenan. Hind paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli was measured at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after intraplantar injection of carrageenan.
Results: Subcutaneous magnesium sulfate at doses of 0.5, 5, 15 and 30 mg/kg, reduced the hyperalgesia by 44.4±8.8, 68± 8.4, 24.6±6.9 and 45.3±6.7% respectively. MS at doses of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/paw, co-injected with carrageenan had no influence on hyperalgesia.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that magnesium sulfate is effective against inflammatory pain after systemic, but not after local peripheral administration. The findings suggest that low doses of systemic MS may be useful analgesic in the therapy of somatic inflammatory pain.